Abstract(s) :

(Anglais) In this thesis, the response of luminescent detectors was systematically studied in relation to their use in complex radiation environments such as space and hadron therapy beams. An accurate study of the nanoscopic structure of energy deposition gave new insights and a complete description of the efficiency changes of luminescent detectors to heavy charged particles, photons, exotic particles and antimatter. In addition, the results of measurements performed with our detectors aboard the International Space Station are presented with a focus on the dependence of the measured absorbed dose on the detector type, the spacecraft altitude, the solar activity and the position inside the space module. Furthermore, a novel methodology to extract radiation quality information within clinical proton beams and to assess changes in biological effectiveness within the treatment volume is presented.